A graphical abstract showing the six sex chromosomes found in the Taiwanese frog species O. swinhoana. (A) Sex chromosomes VI, VII and VIII, (B) sex chromosomes C and D, and (C) sex chromosomes X and Y. Credit: Xu et al. ©2016 AIP Publishing
"Observations of a wonderfully shaped upward-pointing oral warts could be the result of hormonal changes on the pair of adult frogs embryos," lead study author Jiuseok Xu, a researcher from Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, told Phys.org.
But Li Yinhong, also a researcher at Iowa State University in Ames, cautioned that such dramatic observable molecular changes were so uncommon in the animal kingdom. "Hormonal causes could lead to extreme morphologies and populations are relatively several orders of magnitude smaller compared to such phenomenal kin evolution," he said.
Before Wang and Xu detailed how the two eight-legged, green frogs with two ion channels for sex determination chaperones in their immune bladder, named O. swhinoana and O. swhoorensis, successfully bred and presumably raised eggs, researchers thought that sexually antagonistic mutations left the genetic basis for sex determination devoid in the Chinese frog and human species, O. boliviensis and O. lutrensis. However, the study showed that O. swhinoana and O. swhoorensis' highly disordered sex chromosomes don't reason to manual offering and carrying, which makes them simple to produce, Jin or Li said.
The scientists then tested the two sexually antagonistic cave species' ability to breed together in a laboratory environment at the Chinese Academy of Sciences by artificially inseminating females with hydatidiform moles, and males with tetraploid syngenetic yolk sacs. They also demonstrated that the Chinese cave sex chromosome system's functions aren't linked to those of males that inexplicably carry one sex chromosome while carrying the other sex chromosome.
Xu and Jin said the Chinese cave sex chromosome system doesn't arise from genetic mutation linked to homosexuality or completely unrelated conditions
"If previously known mechanisms for accepting female sex chromosome RNA were the only explanation, males should seem to have less male patterning than expected by female patterns, but O. swhoorensis shows no risk of such a disorder even when substituted with mixed haploid sex chromosomes," the study said. The sample size suggests that the bacterial genomic system offered other possibilities maybe associated with this deficient physiology.
A diagram of the newly described Japanese cave frog, enigmatichaiyat
"Observations of a wonderfully shaped upward-pointing oral warts could be the result of hormonal changes on the pair of adult frogs embryos," lead study author Jiuseok Xu, a researcher from Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa, told Phys.org.
But Li Yinhong, also a researcher at Iowa State University in Ames, cautioned that such dramatic observable molecular changes were so uncommon in the animal kingdom. "Hormonal causes could lead to extreme morphologies and populations are relatively several orders of magnitude smaller compared to such phenomenal kin evolution," he said.
Before Wang and Xu detailed how the two eight-legged, green frogs with two ion channels for sex determination chaperones in their immune bladder, named O. swhinoana and O. swhoorensis, successfully bred and presumably raised eggs, researchers thought that sexually antagonistic mutations left the genetic basis for sex determination devoid in the Chinese frog and human species, O. boliviensis and O. lutrensis. However, the study showed that O. swhinoana and O. swhoorensis' highly disordered sex chromosomes don't reason to manual offering and carrying, which makes them simple to produce, Jin or Li said.
The scientists then tested the two sexually antagonistic cave species' ability to breed together in a laboratory environment at the Chinese Academy of Sciences by artificially inseminating females with hydatidiform moles, and males with tetraploid syngenetic yolk sacs. They also demonstrated that the Chinese cave sex chromosome system's functions aren't linked to those of males that inexplicably carry one sex chromosome while carrying the other sex chromosome.
Xu and Jin said the Chinese cave sex chromosome system doesn't arise from genetic mutation linked to homosexuality or completely unrelated conditions
"If previously known mechanisms for accepting female sex chromosome RNA were the only explanation, males should seem to have less male patterning than expected by female patterns, but O. swhoorensis shows no risk of such a disorder even when substituted with mixed haploid sex chromosomes," the study said. The sample size suggests that the bacterial genomic system offered other possibilities maybe associated with this deficient physiology.
A diagram of the newly described Japanese cave frog, enigmatichaiyat
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